The Mechanical
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Useful Resources
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Aeronautical & Aerospace
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Fluid Dynamics
Geometric
Manufacturing Processes
Material Properties
Mechanical
Structural Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Fixed Wing Flight
Space Flight Dynamics
Spacecraft Systems
Powertrains
Vehicle Dynamics
Control Systems
Electrical
Compressible Flow
Dimensionless Numbers
Foil Theory
Incompressible Flow
Propeller Theory
2D & 3D
Addititive Manufacturing
Casting Processes
Forming & Deformation
Machining Processes
Sheet Metal
Welding Processes
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Components
Beams in Bending
Stress Analysis
Strain Analysis
Tribology
Basic
Heat Transfer
Psychrometry
Thermodynamic Cycles
Lift and Drag
Lift
Drag
Performance
Lift-to-Drag Ratio
Rate of Climb
Specific Excess Power
Stall Speed
Turn Radius
Turn Rate
Take off & Landing
Acceleration Along a Runway
Rolling Resistance
Take off Distance
Orbital Mechanics
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum for Circular Orbits
Delta-V for Hohmann Transfer
Escape Velocity
Hohmann Transfer
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
Orbital Inclination
Orbital Period
Orbital Period for Circular Orbits
Orbital Velocity
Radius from True Anomaly
Specific Orbital Energy
Sphere of Influence
Vis-Viva Equation
Rocket Dynamics
Specific Impulse
Rocket Equation
Rocket Equation with Gravity Loss
Rocket Thrust
Plasmadynamics
Debye Length
Ionization Rate
Plasma Frequency
Re-Entry
Ballistic Coefficient
Ballistic Velocity
Density Equation for Exponential Atmosphere
Maximum Deceleration
Terminal Velocity
Aerothermodynamics
Stagnation Heatflux
General
Carburetor CFM
Crankshaft Frequency
Engine Displacement
Horsepower
Lateral Dynamics
Lateral Acceleration
Lateral Force on a Tyre
Slip Angle
Understeer Gradient
Yaw Rate
Longitudinal Dynamics
Rolling Resistance
First Order
Rise Time
Settling Time (2%)
Time Constant
Second Order Systems
Damped Frequency
Overshoot
Peak Time
Peak Value
Settling Time (2%)
Settling Time (5%)
AC
Capactive Reactance
Inductive Reactance
Power
General
Capacitance
Electric Charge
Energy Stored Inside a Capacitor
Ohms Law
Power
General
Isothermal Pipe Flow
Speed of Sound
Isentropic Relationships
Density and Temperature
Pressure and Density
Pressure-Temperature
Shock Wave Relations (Normal Shock)
Density Ratio
Pressure Ratio
Temperature Ratio
Stagnation Properties
Stagnation Density
Stagnation Pressure
Stagnation Temperature
Fluid Flow
Darcy Number
Froude Number
Mach Number
Reynolds Number
Weber Number
Fluid-Heat Transfer
Biot Number
Grashof Number
Nusselt Number
Prandtl Number
Coefficiencts & Ratios
Aspect Ratio
Coefficient of Pressure
Drag Coefficient
Lift Coefficient
General
Angle of Attack
Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
Buoyancy-Driven Flow
Buoyancy Force
Buoyancy-Driven Flow Rate
Stack Effect
Ventilation Rate
Plume Cross-Sectional Area
Vertical Volume Flow Rate
Bernoulli Equations
Standard Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation for Constant Height (Hydrostatic Pressure)
Bernoulli Equation for Horizontal Flow
Drag
Drag Equation
Stokes Law for Spherical Drag
Pipe Flow
Continuity
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Flow Rate
Flow Rate Through an Orrifice
Force on a Fluid in a Control Volume
Head Differrence Between Two Ends of a Pipe
Poiseuille's Law
Coefficients and Ratios
Advance Ratio
Power Coefficient
Thrust Coefficient
General
Helix Angle
Helical Tip Velocity
Induced Drag (Vortex Theory)
Induced Velocity (Momentum Theory)
Propeller Efficiency
Torque
Thrust
Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT)
Thrust Equation
2D
Circumference
Cross-Sectional Area
Perimeter
Second Moment of Area
3D
Surface Area
Volume
General
Energy Density
General
Mold Constant
Shrinkage Allowance
Solidification Time
General
Flow Stress
Springback Factor
General
Cutting Force
Material Removal Rate
Taylor's Tool Life Equation
Surface Roughness Approximation
Spindle Power
Bending
Bend Allowance
Bend Deduction
Minimum Bend Radius
General
K-Factor
Springback Equation
Punch Force
Press Brake Tonnage
Stretch Force
Sheet Metal Weight
General
Duty Cycle
Heat Input in Welding
Properties
Bulk Modulus
Density
Ductility (% Elongation)
Elastic Modulus
Hardness (Brinell)
Fracture Toughness
Poisson's Ratio
Shear Modulus
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Properties
Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal Expansion
Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Ball Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Roller Bearings
Equivilant Dynamic Load
Frictional Torque
Gears
Angular Velocity Relationship
Efficiency of Gear Transmission
Gear Ratio
Mechanical Advantage
Power Transmitted Between Gears
Torque Relationship
Shafts
Angle of Twist
Bending Stress
Deflection Under Load
Natural Frequency for Torsional Vibration
Polar Moment of Inertia of a Circular Shaft
Power Transmitted Through a Shaft
Shear Stress in a Shaft
Torque on a Shaft
General
Engineers Bending Moment Equation
Euler's Buckling Load
General Bending Stress
Uniformly Distributed Load
Cantilever Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Fixed Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Simply Supported Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
General
General 2D Stress Transformations
Principal Stress and Principle Angles
Von Mises Stress
Cylindrical Stress
Axial Stress
Hoop Stress
General
Normal Strain
Principal Strains
Shear Strain
Strain Energy Density
Strain Under Axial Loading
Strain Under Shear Loading
Volumetric Strain
Friction
Friction Force (Coulomb's Law of Friction)
Friction Power Loss
Hertzian Contact Stress
Lubrication
Boundary Lubrication Friction Coefficient
Coefficient of Friction in Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Wear
Specific Wear Rate
Stribeck Curve
Wear Rate (Archard's Wear Equation)
Basic
Enthalpy
First Law
Heat Transfer
Steady Flow Energy Equation
The Perfect Gas Equation
Basic
Conduction
Convection
Heat Exchange Fins
Conduction
Convection: Steady State
Basic Definitions
Relative Humidity
Dew Point Temperature
Humidity Ratios
Humidity (Mixing) Ratio
Specific Humidity
Brayton Cylce
Heat
Efficiency
Work
Carnot Cycle
Efficiency
Heat Added & Rejected
Net Work Done
Diesel Cylce
Cutoff Ratio
Efficiency
Heat
Work Done
Otto Cylce
Compression Ratio
Efficiency
Heat Added (Combustion Process)
Heat Rejected (Exhaust Process)
Pressure
Temperature
Rankine Cylce
Efficiency
Heat Added by Boiler (Isobaric Heat Addition)
Heat Rejected in Condensor (Isobaric Heat Rejection)
Work Done by Pump (Isentropic Compression)
Work Done by Turbine (Isentropic Expansion)
Solid Materials
Fluids & Gases
Electrical Properites
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Atmospheric Conditions
Metals
Semiconductors
Ferrous Alloys
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Non-Metals
Ceramics
Composites
Metals
Polymers
Rubbers
Standard Sea-Level Conditions
Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure
Common
Electrical
Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
Geometric
Mechanical
Thermodynamics
Distance
Mass
Speed
Temperature
Time
Current
Electrical Conductivity
Power
Resistivity
Voltage
Acceleration
Density
Energy
Force
Force Moment
Moment of Inertia
Pressure
Torque
Dynamic Viscosity
Flow Rate
Kinematic Viscosity
Surface Tension
Angle
Area
Specific Volume
Volume
Angular Acceleration
Angular Velocity
Rotational Frequency
Specific Heat Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
Books & Textbooks
Engineering Institutions & Standards
Fabrication and Manufacturing
Topics
CAD Software
CFD Software
FEA Software
Institutions
Standards
All
By Standard
Standard Component Sizes
Surface Finishes
Welding
Topics
Design
Control Theory
Fluid Mechanics
Manufacturing
Thermodynamics
Disciplines
Aeronautical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Marine Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Common Standards
Diagrams & Symbols
Europian Aluminium Alloys
Europian Steel
Materials
Mechanical Design
Mechanical Components
Symbols
All Symbols
Components
Flat Washer Sizes
Metric Bolt Sizes Sizes
Metric Nut Sizes
Pipe Fittings
BSP Thread Sizes
NPT Thread Sizes
Surface Roughness
Surface Roughness
Typical Surface Roughness of Manufacturing Processes
Weld Charts
MIG Weldomg Wire Sizes
Stick Weld Amperage and Rod Size
Calculators ▾
Aeronautical & Aerospace ▾
Fixed Wing Flight
Lift & Drag
Lift
Drag
Performance
Lift-to-Drag Ratio
Rate of Climb
Stall Speed
Turn Radius
Turn Rate
Take off & Landing
Acceleration Along a Runway
Rolling Resistance
Take off Distance
Space Flight Dynamics
Orbital Mechanics
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum for Circular Orbits
Delta-V for Hohmann Transfer
Escape Velocity
Hohmann Transfer
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
Orbital Inclination
Orbital Period
Orbital Period for Circular Orbits
Orbital Velocity
Radius from True Anomaly
Specific Orbital Energy
Sphere of Influence
Vis-Viva Equation
Rocket Dynamics
Specific Impulse
Rocket Equation
Rocket Equation with Gravity Loss
Rocket Thrust
Spacecraft Systems
Plasmadynamics
Debye Length
Ionization Rate
Plasma Frequency
Re-Entry
Ballistic Coefficient
Ballistic Velocity
Density Equation for Exponential Atmosphere
Maximum Deceleration
Terminal Velocity
Aerothermodynamics
Stagnation Heatflux
Automotive ▾
Powertrains
General
Carburetor CFM
Crankshaft Frequency
Engine Displacement
Horsepower
Vehicle Dynamics
Lateral Dynamics
Lateral Acceleration
Lateral Force on a Tyre
Slip Angle
Understeer Gradient
Yaw Rate
Longitudinal Dynamics
Rolling Resistance
Control Systems & Electrical▾
Control Systems
First Order Systems
Rise Time
Settling Time (2%)
Time Constant
Second Order Systems
Damped Frequency
Overshoot
Peak Time
Peak Value
Settling Time (2%)
Settling Time (5%)
Electrical
AC Circuits
Capacitive Reactance
Inductive Reactance
Power
General
Capacitance
Electric Charge
Energy Stored Inside a Capacitor
Ohms Law
Power
Fluid Dynamics ▾
Compressible Flow
General
Isothermal Pipe Flow
Speed of Sound
Isentropic Relationships
Density and Temperature
Pressure and Density
Pressure-Temperature
Shock Wave Relations (Normal Shock)
Density Ratio
Pressure Ratio
Temperature Ratio
Stagnation Properties
Stagnation Density
Stagnation Pressure
Stagnation Temperature
Dimensionless Numbers
Fluid Flow
Darcy Number
Froude Number
Mach Number
Reynolds Number
Weber Number
Fluid-Heat Transfer
Biot Number
Grashof Number
Nusselt Number
Prandtl Number
Foil Theory
Coefficients & Ratios
Aspect Ratio
Coefficient of Pressure
Drag Coefficient
Lift Coefficient
General
Angle of Attack
Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
Incompressible Flow
Buoyancy-Driven Flow
Buoyancy Force
Buoyancy-Driven Flow Rate
Stack Effect
Ventilation Rate
Plume Cross-Sectional Area
Vertical Volume Flow Rate
Bernoulli Equations
Standard Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation for Constant Height (Hydrostatic Pressure)
Bernoulli Equation for Horizontal Flow
Drag
Drag Equation
Stokes Law for Spherical Drag
Pipe Flow
Continuity
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Flow Rate
Flow Rate Through an Orrifice
Force on a Fluid in a Control Volume
Head Differrence Between Two Ends of a Pipe
Poiseuille's Law
Propeller Theory
Coefficients and Ratios
Advance Ratio
Power Coefficient
Thrust Coefficient
General
Helix Angle
Helical Tip Velocity
Induced Drag (Vortex Theory)
Induced Velocity (Momentum Theory)
Propeller Efficiency
Torque
Thrust
Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT)
Thrust Equation
Geometric ▾
2D
Circumference
Cross-Sectional Area
Perimeter
Second Moment of Area
3D
Surface Area
Volume
Manufacturing Processes ▾
Additive Manufacturing
General
Energy Density
Casting Processes
General
Mold Constant
Shrinkage Allowance
Solidification Time
Forming & Deformation
General
Flow Stress
Springback Factor
Machining Processes
General
Cutting Force
Material Removal Rate
Taylor's Tool Life Equation
Surface Roughness Approximation
Spindle Power
Sheet Metal
Bending
Bend Allowance
Bend Deduction
Minimum Bend Radius
General
K-Factor
Springback Equation
Punch Force
Press Brake Tonnage
Stretch Force
Sheet Metal Weight
Welding Processes
General
Duty Cycle
Heat Input in Welding
Material Properties ▾
Mechanical Properties
Bulk Modulus
Density
Ductility (% Elongation)
Elastic Modulus
Hardness (Brinell)
Fracture Toughness
Poisson's Ratio
Shear Modulus
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Thermal Properties
Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal Expansion
Mechanical ▾
Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Ball Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Roller Bearings
Equivilant Dynamic Load
Frictional Torque
Gears
Angular Velocity Relationship
Efficiency of Gear Transmission
Gear Ratio
Mechanical Advantage
Power Transmitted Between Gears
Torque Relationship
Shafts
Angle of Twist
Bending Stress
Deflection Under Load
Natural Frequency for Torsional Vibration
Polar Moment of Inertia of a Circular Shaft
Power Transmitted Through a Shaft
Shear Stress in a Shaft
Torque on a Shaft
Structural Mechanics ▾
Beams in Bending
General
Bulk Modulus
Engineers Bending Moment Equation
Euler's Buckling Load
General Bending Stress
Uniformly Distributed Load
Cantilever Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Fixed Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Simply Supported Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Stress Analysis
General
General 2D Stress Transformations
Principal Stress and Principle Angles
Von Mises Stress
Cylindrical Stress
Axial Stress
Hoop Stress
Strain Analysis
General
General 2D Stress Transformations
Normal Strain
Principal Strains
Shear Strain
Strain Energy Density
Strain Under Axial Loading
Strain Under Shear Loading
Volumetric Strain
Tribology
Friction
Bulk Modulus
Friction Force (Coulomb's Law of Friction)
Friction Power Loss
Hertzian Contact Stress
Lubrication
Boundary Lubrication Friction Coefficient
Coefficient of Friction in Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Wear
Specific Wear Rate
Stribeck Curve
Wear Rate (Archard's Wear Equation)
Thermodynamics ▾
Basics
Basic Equations
Enthalpy
First Law
Heat Transfer
Steady Flow Energy Equation
The Perfect Gas Equation
Heat Transfer
Steady State
Conduction
Convection
Heat Exchange Fins
Conduction
Convection: Steady State
Psychrometry
Basic Definitions
Relative Humidity
Dew Point Temperature
Humidity Ratios
Humidity (Mixing) Ratio
Specific Humidity
Thermodynamic Cycles
Brayton Cylce
Heat
Efficiency
Work
Carnot Cylce
Efficiency
Heat Added & Rejected
Net Work Done
Diesel Cylce
Cutoff Ratio
Efficiency
Heat
Work Done
Otto Cylce
Compression Ratio
Efficiency
Heat Added (Combustion Process)
Heat Rejected (Exhaust Process)
Pressure
Temperature
Rankine Cylce
Efficiency
Heat Added by Boiler (Isobaric Heat Addition)
Heat Rejected in Condensor (Isobaric Heat Rejection)
Work Done by Pump (Isentropic Compression)
Work Done by Turbine (Isentropic Expansion)
Material Properties ▾
Solid Materials ▾
Electrical Properties
Metals
Semiconductors
Mechanical Properties
Ferrous Alloys
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Non-Metals
Thermal Properties
Ceramics
Composites
Metals
Polymers
Rubbers
Fluids & Gases ▾
Atmospheric Conditions
Standard Sea-Level Conditions
Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure
Unit Conversions ▾
Common ▾
Distance
Mass
Speed
Temperature
Time
Electrical ▾
Current
Electrical Conductivity
Power
Resistivity
Voltage
Engineering ▾
Acceleration
Density
Energy
Force
Force Moment
Moment of Inertia
Pressure
Torque
Fluid Mechanics ▾
Dynamic Viscosity
Flow Rate
Kinematic Viscosity
Surface Tension
Geometric ▾
Angle
Area
Specific Volume
Volume
Mechanical ▾
Angular Acceleration
Angular Velocity
Rotational Frequency
Thermodynamics ▾
Specific Heat Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
Useful Resources ▾
Books & Textbooks
Engineering Institutions & Standards
Fabrication and Manufacturing
Glossary
Home
/
Useful Resources
/
Fabrication and Manufacturing
/Surface Roughness Table
Surface Roughness Chart
Iso Grade Number
Ra (μm)
Ra (μin.)
N12
50
2000
N11
25
1000
N10
12.5
500
N9
6.3
250
N8
3.2
125
N7
1.6
63
N6
0.8
32
N5
0.4
16
N4
0.2
8
N3
0.1
4
N2
0.05
2
N1
0.025
1
Related Resources
Surface Roughness of Manufacturing Processes
Flat Washer Sizes
Metric Bolt Sizes
NPT Thread Sizes