The Mechanical
Engineering Handbook
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Calculators
Material Properties
Unit Converters
Glossary
Aeronautical & Aerospace
Automotive
Control & Electrical
Fluid Dynamics
Geometric
Material Properties
Mechanical
Structural Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Fixed Wing Flight
Space Flight Dynamics
Spacecraft Systems
Vehicle Dynamics
Control Systems
Electrical
Compressible Flow
Dimensionless Numbers
Foil Theory
Incompressible Flow
Propeller Theory
2D & 3D
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Components
Beams in Bending
Stress Analysis
Strain Analysis
Tribology
Basic
Heat Transfer
Psychrometry
Thermodynamic Cycles
Lift and Drag
Lift
Drag
Performance
Lift-to-Drag Ratio
Rate of Climb
Stall Speed
Turn Radius
Turn Rate
Orbital Mechanics
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum for Circular Orbits
Delta-V for Hohmann Transfer
Escape Velocity
Hohmann Transfer
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
Orbital Inclination
Orbital Period
Orbital Period for Circular Orbits
Orbital Velocity
Radius from True Anomaly
Specific Orbital Energy
Sphere of Influence
Vis-Viva Equation
Rocket Dynamics
Specific Impulse
Rocket Equation
Rocket Equation with Gravity Loss
Rocket Thrust
Plasmadynamics
Debye Length
Ionization Rate
Plasma Frequency
Re-Entry
Ballistic Coefficient
Ballistic Velocity
Density Equation for Exponential Atmosphere
Maximum Deceleration
Terminal Velocity
Aerothermodynamics
Stagnation Heatflux
Lateral Dynamics
Lateral Acceleration
Lateral Force on a Tyre
Slip Angle
Understeer Gradient
Yaw Rate
Longitudinal Dynamics
Tractive Force
First Order
Rise Time
Settling Time (2%)
Time Constant
Second Order Systems
Damped Frequency
Overshoot
Peak Time
Peak Value
Settling Time (2%)
Settling Time (5%)
AC
Capactive Reactance
Inductive Reactance
Power
General
Capacitance
Electric Charge
Energy Stored Inside a Capacitor
Ohms Law
Power
General
Isothermal Pipe Flow
Speed of Sound
Isentropic Relationships
Density and Temperature
Pressure and Density
Pressure-Temperature
Shock Wave Relations (Normal Shock)
Density Ratio
Pressure Ratio
Temperature Ratio
Stagnation Properties
Stagnation Density
Stagnation Pressure
Stagnation Temperature
Fluid Flow
Darcy Number
Froude Number
Mach Number
Reynolds Number
Weber Number
Fluid-Heat Transfer
Biot Number
Grashof Number
Nusselt Number
Prandtl Number
Coefficiencts & Ratios
Aspect Ratio
Coefficient of Pressure
Drag Coefficient
Lift Coefficient
General
Angle of Attack
Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
Buoyancy-Driven Flow
Buoyancy Force
Buoyancy-Driven Flow Rate
Stack Effect
Ventilation Rate
Plume Cross-Sectional Area
Vertical Volume Flow Rate
Bernoulli Equations
Standard Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation for Constant Height (Hydrostatic Pressure)
Bernoulli Equation for Horizontal Flow
Drag
Drag Equation
Stokes Law for Spherical Drag
Pipe Flow
Continuity
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Flow Rate
Flow Rate Through an Orrifice
Force on a Fluid in a Control Volume
Head Differrence Between Two Ends of a Pipe
Poiseuille's Law
Coefficients and Ratios
Advance Ratio
Power Coefficient
Thrust Coefficient
General
Helix Angle
Helical Tip Velocity
Induced Drag (Vortex Theory)
Induced Velocity (Momentum Theory)
Propeller Efficiency
Torque
Thrust
Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT)
Thrust Equation
2D
Circumference
Cross-Sectional Area
Perimeter
Second Moment of Area
3D
Surface Area
Volume
Properties
Bulk Modulus
Density
Ductility (% Elongation)
Elastic Modulus
Hardness (Brinell)
Fracture Toughness
Poisson's Ratio
Shear Modulus
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Properties
Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal Expansion
Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Ball Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Roller Bearings
Equivilant Dynamic Load
Frictional Torque
Gears
Angular Velocity Relationship
Efficiency of Gear Transmission
Gear Ratio
Mechanical Advantage
Power Transmitted Between Gears
Torque Relationship
Shafts
Angle of Twist
Bending Stress
Deflection Under Load
Natural Frequency for Torsional Vibration
Polar Moment of Inertia of a Circular Shaft
Power Transmitted Through a Shaft
Shear Stress in a Shaft
Torque on a Shaft
General
Engineers Bending Moment Equation
Euler's Buckling Load
General Bending Stress
Uniformly Distributed Load
Cantilever Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Fixed Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Simply Supported Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
General
General 2D Stress Transformations
Principal Stress and Principle Angles
Von Mises Stress
Cylindrical Stress
Axial Stress
Hoop Stress
General
Normal Strain
Principal Strains
Shear Strain
Strain Energy Density
Strain Under Axial Loading
Strain Under Shear Loading
Volumetric Strain
Friction
Friction Force (Coulomb's Law of Friction)
Friction Power Loss
Hertzian Contact Stress
Lubrication
Boundary Lubrication Friction Coefficient
Coefficient of Friction in Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Wear
Specific Wear Rate
Stribeck Curve
Wear Rate (Archard's Wear Equation)
Basic
Enthalpy
First Law
Heat Transfer
Steady Flow Energy Equation
The Perfect Gas Equation
Basic
Conduction
Convection
Heat Exchange Fins
Conduction
Convection: Steady State
Basic Definitions
Relative Humidity
Dew Point Temperature
Humidity Ratios
Humidity (Mixing) Ratio
Specific Humidity
Brayton Cylce
Heat
Efficiency
Work
Carnot Cycle
Efficiency
Heat Added & Rejected
Net Work Done
Diesel Cylce
Cutoff Ratio
Efficiency
Heat
Work Done
Otto Cylce
Compression Ratio
Efficiency
Heat Added (Combustion Process)
Heat Rejected (Exhaust Process)
Pressure
Temperature
Rankine Cylce
Efficiency
Heat Added by Boiler (Isobaric Heat Addition)
Heat Rejected in Condensor (Isobaric Heat Rejection)
Work Done by Pump (Isentropic Compression)
Work Done by Turbine (Isentropic Expansion)
Solid Materials
Fluids & Gases
Electrical Properites
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Atmospheric Conditions
Metals
Semiconductors
Ferrous Alloys
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Non-Metals
Ceramics
Composites
Metals
Polymers
Rubbers
Standard Sea-Level Conditions
Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure
Common
Electrical
Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
Geometric
Mechanical
Thermodynamics
Distance
Mass
Speed
Temperature
Time
Current
Electrical Conductivity
Power
Resistivity
Voltage
Acceleration
Density
Energy
Force
Force Moment
Moment of Inertia
Pressure
Torque
Dynamic Viscosity
Flow Rate
Kinematic Viscosity
Surface Tension
Angle
Area
Specific Volume
Volume
Angular Acceleration
Angular Velocity
Rotational Frequency
Specific Heat Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
Book Reccomendations
CAE Software
Engineering Institutions
Top Picks
CAD Software
CFD Software
FEA Software
What are Engineering Institutions
List of Institutions
Engineering Design
Fluid Dynamics
General
Manufacturing
Quality Management
Structural Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Calculators ▾
Aeronautical & Aerospace ▾
Fixed Wing Flight
Lift & Drag
Lift
Drag
Performance
Lift-to-Drag Ratio
Rate of Climb
Stall Speed
Turn Radius
Turn Rate
Space Flight Dynamics
Orbital Mechanics
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum for Circular Orbits
Delta-V for Hohmann Transfer
Escape Velocity
Hohmann Transfer
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
Orbital Inclination
Orbital Period
Orbital Period for Circular Orbits
Orbital Velocity
Radius from True Anomaly
Specific Orbital Energy
Sphere of Influence
Vis-Viva Equation
Rocket Dynamics
Specific Impulse
Rocket Equation
Rocket Equation with Gravity Loss
Rocket Thrust
Spacecraft Systems
Plasmadynamics
Debye Length
Ionization Rate
Plasma Frequency
Re-Entry
Ballistic Coefficient
Ballistic Velocity
Density Equation for Exponential Atmosphere
Maximum Deceleration
Terminal Velocity
Aerothermodynamics
Stagnation Heatflux
Automotive ▾
Vehicle Dynamics
Lateral Dynamics
Lateral Acceleration
Lateral Force on a Tyre
Slip Angle
Understeer Gradient
Yaw Rate
Longitudinal Dynamics
Tractive Force
Control Systems & Electrical▾
Control Systems
First Order Systems
Rise Time
Settling Time (2%)
Time Constant
Second Order Systems
Damped Frequency
Overshoot
Peak Time
Peak Value
Settling Time (2%)
Settling Time (5%)
Electrical
AC Circuits
Capacitive Reactance
Inductive Reactance
Power
General
Capacitance
Electric Charge
Energy Stored Inside a Capacitor
Ohms Law
Power
Fluid Dynamics ▾
Compressible Flow
General
Isothermal Pipe Flow
Speed of Sound
Isentropic Relationships
Density and Temperature
Pressure and Density
Pressure-Temperature
Shock Wave Relations (Normal Shock)
Density Ratio
Pressure Ratio
Temperature Ratio
Stagnation Properties
Stagnation Density
Stagnation Pressure
Stagnation Temperature
Dimensionless Numbers
Fluid Flow
Darcy Number
Froude Number
Mach Number
Reynolds Number
Weber Number
Fluid-Heat Transfer
Biot Number
Grashof Number
Nusselt Number
Prandtl Number
Foil Theory
Coefficients & Ratios
Aspect Ratio
Coefficient of Pressure
Drag Coefficient
Lift Coefficient
General
Angle of Attack
Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
Incompressible Flow
Buoyancy-Driven Flow
Buoyancy Force
Buoyancy-Driven Flow Rate
Stack Effect
Ventilation Rate
Plume Cross-Sectional Area
Vertical Volume Flow Rate
Bernoulli Equations
Standard Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation for Constant Height (Hydrostatic Pressure)
Bernoulli Equation for Horizontal Flow
Drag
Drag Equation
Stokes Law for Spherical Drag
Pipe Flow
Continuity
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Flow Rate
Flow Rate Through an Orrifice
Force on a Fluid in a Control Volume
Head Differrence Between Two Ends of a Pipe
Poiseuille's Law
Propeller Theory
Coefficients and Ratios
Advance Ratio
Power Coefficient
Thrust Coefficient
General
Helix Angle
Helical Tip Velocity
Induced Drag (Vortex Theory)
Induced Velocity (Momentum Theory)
Propeller Efficiency
Torque
Thrust
Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT)
Thrust Equation
Geometric ▾
2D
Circumference
Cross-Sectional Area
Perimeter
Second Moment of Area
3D
Surface Area
Volume
Material Properties ▾
Mechanical Properties
Bulk Modulus
Density
Ductility (% Elongation)
Elastic Modulus
Hardness (Brinell)
Fracture Toughness
Poisson's Ratio
Shear Modulus
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Thermal Properties
Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal Expansion
Mechanical ▾
Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Ball Bearings
Basic Life Rating for Roller Bearings
Equivilant Dynamic Load
Frictional Torque
Gears
Angular Velocity Relationship
Efficiency of Gear Transmission
Gear Ratio
Mechanical Advantage
Power Transmitted Between Gears
Torque Relationship
Shafts
Angle of Twist
Bending Stress
Deflection Under Load
Natural Frequency for Torsional Vibration
Polar Moment of Inertia of a Circular Shaft
Power Transmitted Through a Shaft
Shear Stress in a Shaft
Torque on a Shaft
Structural Mechanics ▾
Beams in Bending
General
Bulk Modulus
Engineers Bending Moment Equation
Euler's Buckling Load
General Bending Stress
Uniformly Distributed Load
Cantilever Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Fixed Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Simply Supported Beam
Point Load
Point Load at Center of Beam
UDL Over Entire Span of Beam
Stress Analysis
General
General 2D Stress Transformations
Principal Stress and Principle Angles
Von Mises Stress
Cylindrical Stress
Axial Stress
Hoop Stress
Strain Analysis
General
General 2D Stress Transformations
Normal Strain
Principal Strains
Shear Strain
Strain Energy Density
Strain Under Axial Loading
Strain Under Shear Loading
Volumetric Strain
Tribology
Friction
Bulk Modulus
Friction Force (Coulomb's Law of Friction)
Friction Power Loss
Hertzian Contact Stress
Lubrication
Boundary Lubrication Friction Coefficient
Coefficient of Friction in Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Wear
Specific Wear Rate
Stribeck Curve
Wear Rate (Archard's Wear Equation)
Thermodynamics ▾
Basics
Basic Equations
Enthalpy
First Law
Heat Transfer
Steady Flow Energy Equation
The Perfect Gas Equation
Heat Transfer
Steady State
Conduction
Convection
Heat Exchange Fins
Conduction
Convection: Steady State
Psychrometry
Basic Definitions
Relative Humidity
Dew Point Temperature
Humidity Ratios
Humidity (Mixing) Ratio
Specific Humidity
Thermodynamic Cycles
Brayton Cylce
Heat
Efficiency
Work
Carnot Cylce
Efficiency
Heat Added & Rejected
Net Work Done
Diesel Cylce
Cutoff Ratio
Efficiency
Heat
Work Done
Otto Cylce
Compression Ratio
Efficiency
Heat Added (Combustion Process)
Heat Rejected (Exhaust Process)
Pressure
Temperature
Rankine Cylce
Efficiency
Heat Added by Boiler (Isobaric Heat Addition)
Heat Rejected in Condensor (Isobaric Heat Rejection)
Work Done by Pump (Isentropic Compression)
Work Done by Turbine (Isentropic Expansion)
Material Properties ▾
Solid Materials ▾
Electrical Properties
Metals
Semiconductors
Mechanical Properties
Ferrous Alloys
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Non-Metals
Thermal Properties
Ceramics
Composites
Metals
Polymers
Rubbers
Fluids & Gases ▾
Atmospheric Conditions
Standard Sea-Level Conditions
Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure
Unit Conversions ▾
Common ▾
Distance
Mass
Speed
Temperature
Time
Electrical ▾
Current
Electrical Conductivity
Power
Resistivity
Voltage
Engineering ▾
Acceleration
Density
Energy
Force
Force Moment
Moment of Inertia
Pressure
Torque
Fluid Mechanics ▾
Dynamic Viscosity
Flow Rate
Kinematic Viscosity
Surface Tension
Geometric ▾
Angle
Area
Specific Volume
Volume
Mechanical ▾
Angular Acceleration
Angular Velocity
Rotational Frequency
Thermodynamics ▾
Specific Heat Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
Glossary
Home
/
Material Properties
/Standard Sea-Level Conditions
Atmospheric Conditions at Standard Sea-Level (SSL)
Atmospheric Conditions
Property
Symbol
Value
Unit
Pressure
P
101.325
kPa
Density
ρ
1.225
kg/m³
Temperature
T
288.15
K
Gas Constant of Air
R
287.057
J/kgK
Specific Weight
γ
12.014
N/m³
Dynamic Viscosity
μ
1.789 x 10
-5
Pas
Acceleration Due to Gravity
g
9.807
m/s²